Over the past decades,
the Uyghurs have gradually become one of the most favorite topics of the distorting
propaganda undertaken by the Western colonial powers; it is a pity that a great
and historic nation turned out to be the indispensable mascot of every
disinformation and misinformation campaign carried out by the Western mainstream
media and by some of the leading social media in the Internet. More recently,
themes related to the illustrious Turanian nation were promoted to the
forefront of the clash between China and the corrupt, ailing and worthless
Western world.
However, in the case of
the Uyghur nation and their land, i.e. the Tarim Basin, the lies diffused
nowadays only pale if compared to the methodically established in the 19th c. and
systematically expanded ever since academic fallacies about the Uyghurs, all the
Turkic nations, Central Asia, Siberia, China, India, Iran, the so-called Middle
East, and in general, the History of Asia. The same concerns of course Africa
as well.
Each and every historical distortion is due only to the evil political needs of the colonial powers, i.e. their attempt to subdue the world, by fooling the others in various ways that the colonial academia are not ashamed to call 'Orientalism', 'Humanities', and 'unbiased science'. That's why only very few scholars today have an idea about the true dimensions of the colonial falsehood, the extent of the historical falsification, and the disastrous targets that the colonial powers attempted through their enormous academic fallacy. This unfortunately concerns also the Uyghurs themselves because, due to various circumstances occurred over the past 300-400 years, they have been detached from their past and dissociated from part of their extraordinarily remarkable historical-cultural heritage, thus failing to achieve a proper nation building process.
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Uyghur Civilization constitutes one of the most fascinating parts of the Turanian and Oriental Cultural Heritage; more than any other nation in the World History, the Uyghurs developed civilization through five (5) different religions: Tengrism, Buddhism, Manichaeism, Nestorian Christianity, and Islam.
Manichaean Elects (priests) as depicted on walls of the Manichaean temple at Qocho
Wall painting from the Qocho Church; a process of Nestorian priests commemorating Palm Sunday (7th-8th c.)
The famous map featured in Mahmoud al Kashgari’s masterpiece Diwan Lughat al-Turk (“Compendium of the languages of the Turks” / 11th c.), which is a monumental work that shows the advanced level of scholarship that the Uyghurs had reached among all Turanian and Muslim nations.
The tomb of Mahmud al Kashgari, one of the most illustrious Uyghur scholars and erudite academics – Kashgar, Eastern Turkestan/Xinjiang
Uyghur Christian Nestorian priests, architects and merchants built the Daqin Pagoda-Church in Xi’an, the ancient Chinese capital Chang’an, during the 11th c.
The travels of the Uyghur Nestorian Chinese diplomat Rabban Bar Sauma (13th c.)
-----------------------------------------------------------
Ignorant and idiotic
people, who believe the lies of the criminal gangsters of the Western countries
against China and accept the Western propaganda about the so-called oppression
or persecution of the Uyghurs in Eastern Turkestan by the Chinese authorities,
are the disgrace of the human race, and they will soon have to pay an enormously
high price for their ignorance and idiocy. This concerns also several foolish
politicians in Turkey, notably Mansur Yavaş, the mayor of Ankara, and Meral
Akşener, the head of Iyi Parti, who recently took disastrous positions against
China, therefore only proving that they are on the CIA payroll.
Their sick
sentimentalism and evil rhetoric heavily damage Turkey's national interests,
which are irrevocably linked with China. Not one Turk can today possibly support
and defend positions that help -in any sense- Turkey's enemies, namely US, UK,
EU, NATO, Canada, Australia and their likes. Either both, Mr. Yavaş and Ms. Akşener,
will return to common sense or they will contribute to the disastrous failure
of Turkey, which has been the quintessence of the miserable and anti-Turkish AKP
governments' policies since 2002.
On the contrary,
sticking to Kemal Ataturk's secular concepts, principles and practices, today's
Turkey can become instrumental in solving the Uyghur problem, in offering
Beijing great assistance and effective advice in the matter, and in dragging
the embattled Uyghur nation far from the useless pseudo-Islamic theological
indoctrination, which has been diffused -in a most nauseating and disgusting
manner- by the ignorant, uneducated and villainous sheikhs and
pseudo-professors of Al Azhar, Madinah and other similar, backward and
pseudo-Islamic universities of today's decayed Islamic world.
Better than anyone else, Turkey's Kemalists, and more particularly the members and the deputies of CHP (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), are in a position to convincingly explain to the Uyghurs the worldwide unique achievements made by Kemal Ataturk and to pull them far from the evil manipulation undertaken by the colonial Western countries against -not only the Uyghurs but also- all the Turanian nations.
---------------------------------------------------
When different maps of Eastern Turkestan / Xinkiang uploaded in different versions of the Wikipedia reveal the hidden intentions of scheming colonial diplomats
Eastern Turkestan / Xinjiang autonomous region of the People’s Republic of China
Dzungaria (in red) and the Tarim Basin (in blue) are the two parts of Xinkiang
Uyghurs, Han Chinese, and Kazakh: Xinjiang nationalities by prefecture – Date: 2000
The entry East Turkestan of the English version of the Wikipedia features this ridiculous map, which has no historical credibility, but it only shows the territories that the CIA and the State Department order the so-called ‘World Uyghur Congress’ to publicly demand for secession! This treacherous organization terribly harms the interests of the Uyghur Nation.
-----------------------------------------------------------
If today's Uyghurs
believe -in any way- even a single word uttered to them by the monstrous,
paranoid, disreputable and criminal statesmen, military, politicians,
diplomats, agents, academics, analysts, journalists, etc., they will all fall
victims of a scheme providing for the cynical utilization of their nation, and
in the process they will bring upon themselves their destruction. Any sort of
contact, communication, association or cooperation between the Uyghurs and any
representative of the US, UK, EU, NATO gangsters will only end with the fatal
and total eradication of the Uyghur nation, and the only responsible will be
the naïve Uyghur pundits and activists who thought it possible to communicate
with the leeches and the parasites of the Western world.
It has nothing to do
with 'religion', and it is as simple as that: the inhuman monsters, who rule
the US, UK, EU, NATO, etc., do not give a damn about the Uyghurs and their
lives, let alone their souls. Already, these evil governments and their
insidious academia abominably disfigured and deliberately minimized the History
of Uyghur Nation in a shameful manner, concealing major achievements of the
illustrious Turanian nation. The demented, inhuman and devilish atheists, who
rule London, Paris, Brussels, and Washington D.C., do not care whether the
Uyghurs pray in the mosques or fast in Ramadhan; under other circumstances,
they would be pleased to throw thousands of insulting caricatures of prophet
Muhammad inside the Uyghur mosques and thus profane them. They only care to generate
problems to their principal rival: Beijing.
That's why the gangsters of US, UK, EU, NATO, etc. use the Uyghurs like their most worn out shoes. The descendants of a major Turanian nation should not therefore fall victims of the fetid and bestial pedophiles of the West, who first pay some millions of dollars to the Uyghur traitors of the 'World Uyghur Congress', and then calmly enjoy their abnormal lives, destroying young children's lives.
-------------------------------------------------
Who pays the bill for the World Uyghur Congress and for all the lies published in Western mass media against China?
Those who pay one category of their puppets, namely the atheist and Zionist cartoonists, to publish disreputable cartoons ridiculing prophet Muhammad,
those who pay another category of their puppets, namely the Islamic extremists and terrorists to fire-bomb the offices of the newspapers that published the disreputable cartoons …
….. are those who pay the otherwise ‘good Muslims’ and ‘patriotic Uyghurs’ of the World Uyghur Congress to betray their nation, their religion, their history and their heritage, just for … a fistful of dollars!
And how do the world’s most criminal countries, France, England and the US, i.e. the states that perpetrated the world’s most abhorrent crimes, happen to care now about the nonexistent ‘genocide of the Uyghurs’ after they exterminated all the American Indians and the African and Asiatic nations that they colonized?
Only idiots and fake Muslims believe these lies – only to end up in the Hell that they deserve.
----------------------------------------------------
The present series of
articles will shed light on the evil deeds and the criminal plans that the
mendacious and duplicitous Western 'supporters' of the Uyghurs have long
carried out and it will underscore the imperative need for a cordial alliance
between Turkey and China, which will reshape the world and ditch the anomalous,
colonial West in the landfill once for all.
Contents
I. The Dispute about
the Uyghur Past and Heritage
II. A Brief Diagram of
Uyghur History
III. Eastern Turkestan:
the Clash of Terms for the Center of the World
IV. Turkey: the
Turanian and the Islamic World's Foremost Example as a Secular State
V. Islam: turned to a
Theological System, Islam does not exist anymore as Religion VI. China and the
Problems of Eastern Turkestan - Xinkiang
VII. Kemal Ataturk: the
Only True Salvation for today's Uyghurs
I. The
Dispute about the Uyghur Past and Heritage
Uyghurs ( ئۇيغۇرلار- Уйғурлар /Uygurlar/維吾爾/ Уйгуры) are one of the most ancient
and most important Turanian (Turkic) nations; as per a conventional, flawed and
Western colonial linguistic classification, Uyghur belongs to the Karluk
category of Turanian languages, like Uzbek. On the contrary, Turkmen, Turkish,
Azeri and other languages belong to the Oghuz (Oğuz) branch of Turanian
languages, whereas Tatar, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and several other languages form the
Kipchak (Kıpçak/ Кипчак
- Кыпчак) group of Turanian languages.
Uyghur History covers
four (4) millennia documented in several languages and an endlessly increasing
material record; however, it has been detrimentally distorted by Western
colonial explorers and academics, notably English and French, since the time of
what was termed as the Great Game. This ominous term denotes basically the 19th
c. antagonism of primarily German, Russian, English and French Orientalists, explorers,
scholars, secret agents, diplomats and statesmen for the fabrication of the
borders that each great power wanted to impose in a vast area to which none of
these powers was related (Russia reached that area only by invading other
kingdoms and empires).
The various borderlines
that were envisioned by the respective headquarters and expressed only the
wishes of Berlin, St. Petersburg, London and Paris needed to be backed-up by
aptly, properly and systematically falsified historiography, and consequently,
History 'had' to be written in a way so that it can be adjusted to each of the
aforementioned political interests that were opposite to one another. That's
why several gangsters and thieves, like 'Sir' Aurel Stein, masqueraded as
scholars, crossed many thousands of kilometers and penetrated in dangerous
deserts to search, find and distort/misinterpret antiquities first. The
entirely fake science of 'geopolitics' was also fabricated at that time only to
theorize the nonsensical colonial claims raised by every white racist criminal.
There are no historical lines that can possibly divide Asia. The true
historical process, as documented in written sources and the archaeological
material record, totally discredits every hypothetical line drawn by any biased
'political scientist'.
It is crucial at this
point to underscore the fact that the useless Ottoman Empire, although primordially
concerned by the aforementioned developments, was totally absent from the Great
Game, pretty much like the ailing Qajar Empire of Iran. The roots of the
Asiatic Great Game could to some extent be attributed to the Napoleonic scheme
of an eventual French-Russian alliance geared in order to invade the then still
expanding English colonial force in South Asia (the so-called 'India'). As it
can be understood, the collapsing and terminating Mughal Empire (Gorkanian) was
(in the early 19th c.) at the brink of extinction due to the ceaseless plots
and colonial wars undertaken by Portuguese, Dutch, French and English against
it, whereas in Qing China, the emperors Jiaqing (嘉慶帝; 1796-1820) and Daoguang (道光帝; 1820-1850) were only a shadow of
their formidable predecessor Kangxi (康熙帝; 1661-1722), and their rule over
the land of the Uyghurs was only nominal. So, none of the four great historical
Asiatic empires (Ottomans, Iranians, Mughal and China) could be able to
withstand or divert the colonial onslaught.
Speaking of today's Uyghurs,
I felt obliged to briefly divert my presentation to issues pertaining to the Great
Game for a simple, yet crucial, reason; the outcome of the Great Game
determined what we know today as 'borders' in the vast lands of Central and
Eastern Asia. And as I already said, it also shaped to great extent what is
today taught in universities worldwide as History of Asia or Uyghur History. Several
modern scholarly juxtapositions and polarizations about various points of
Uyghur History are only the result of the systematic, sophisticated and
insidious distortion of Asiatic History by Western colonial academia. This is
so because tons of deliberately falsified data and material record have not yet
been duly refuted and rejected, but they still constitute harmful traps that disorient
researchers from a correct and proper conceptualization and contextualization
of the historical sources.
Turghun Almas (Тургун
Алмас/ تۇرغۇن ئالماس/吐尔贡·阿力玛斯; 1924-2001),
a great Uyghur scholar who was persecuted because of his secessionist
misinterpretation of Uyghur History, supported the thesis of 6000+ years of
indigenous Uyghur History in Eastern Turkestan. Official Chinese historical
interpretations associate today's Uyghurs with the Tiele people, who were part
of the vast Hiung-Nu (Xiongnu /匈奴
/ Хунну) tribal, confederate Empire, some of whose descendants became later
known as Huns in Central Asia, Western Siberia, and throughout Europe. The
Hiung-Nu are a major part of China's History and the Hiung-Nu wars with Han
China (133 BCE-89 CE) shaped China as we know it.
Their heirs are the
so-called White Huns ('Ebodalo' in Bactrian/厭帶夷粟陁 – Yethailito/Εφθαλίται-Hephthalites/Эфталиты), who formed
various kingdoms in Bactria, Sogdiana and the entire Tarim Basin (Eastern
Turkestan). Although vassals of the Rouran Khaganate (see below), they were
formidable warriors and defeated the Sassanid armies of Iran several times. The
Hephthalites contributed greatly to Civilization, Spirituality and Art, being
the enlightened rulers who sponsored superb and majestic monuments like the
Qizil Caves of the Tarim Basin (Caves of the Thousand Buddhas) and the Buddhas
of Bamiyan (Afghanistan).
However, trying to
demonstrate, who arrived first in a specific territory, in order to
subsequently issue historicity claims is the least successful method for anyone
to get rid of the Anglo-French colonial Orientalist scheme, and of its
implications. It is essential to first understand the nature of the Ancient
Turanian History and second outsmart the colonial distortion of the History of
Asia.
Turanians were nomads
or semi-nomads whose acts demonstrate that they were absolutely convinced that
home-dwellers were sinners and degenerate people unable to attain the ancestral
human originality because of their attachment to one only location. The
difference, opposition and clash between Turanian nomads and settled
populations are the real axis around which revolves the History of all Turanian
nations. This is attested in historical sources, in the archaeological material
record, and also in epics, legends and every literary effort of mythologized
History. With this in mind, one can comprehend the entire History of Asia far
better and perceive the interaction between the Northern Chinese and the Turanians
as a historical process that concerns the same family of nations. Actually, many
historical and literary sources view the Northern Chinese as simply settled
Turanians, and this can provide far better insight into the violence of their
wars. In this regard, the Han - Hiung-Nu wars constitute an early episode of
the permanent phenomenon of Turanian nomad-settler polarity.
On the other hand, the
colonial perfidy in misinterpreting historical evidence and in contextualizing it
as per the colonial interests of England and France is easy to assess; it
merely constitutes a reflection of their own attitude at the
political-international level. Since they viciously generate all types of
divisions at the political level, they deliberately proliferate divisions at the
academic-scholarly level, when writing down the history of lands that they hate
enough to viciously distort, fittingly adjust, and totally subordinate it to
the fallacy that they diffuse as their own, 'Western' or 'European', History. Western
Orientalists played therefore with ethnic names, personal names, toponyms, and
the vocabulary of languages that they deciphered.
Although it is very
well known that an ethnic group can have many diverse names in different
historical sources written in several languages, colonial academic forgers
intentionally multiplied the historically recorded (in various languages under
different names) ethnicities in order to deprive several nations from
a) a past that the
Western colonial academics did not want to attribute to them,
b) a presence in remote
locations that they did not want to acknowledge to them,
and
c) an achievement that
was 'too great' so that the Western schemers possibly concede it to all those
nations that they viewed hatefully and enviously for their past, cultures,
civilizations and achievements.
The subsequent fabrication
of, otherwise nonexistent, pseudo-historical nations (which are only the
duplicate of other nations known under different names) is a method that was
widely used by Western Orientalists in order to disfigure the History of Asia.
This fact had a disastrous impact on Uyghurs, China, the History of Uyghur, and
the History of China as these topics are presently taught in universities and
manipulated in politics.
An example in this
regard is offered by another 'stolen' part of the Uyghur heritage: the Yuezhi (月氏/ Юэчжи; 3rd c. BCE - 4th c. CE),
who became later known as divided (Great Yuezhi and Lesser Yuezhi), are not
different from the Hiung-Nu but only constitute a part of them. They clashed
with them and they migrated only to be further divided in their migration. But
the Yuezhi and the Hiung-Nu were indeed Turanians, and they constitute an
authentic part of Uyghur History, pretty much like they are an inalienable part
of the History of China, which de facto comprises and is partly identical with
the History of Turan.
Eurasia in the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty 141-87 BCE
The supreme stage of the
colonial historiographical distortion contains the disgrace of white racism; this
took the monstrous form of excessive Indo-Europeanization of everything. How
this was processed is easy to unveil: Friedrich W. K. Müller, a famous German
Orientalist of the Deutsche Turfanexpeditionen (German Turfan expeditions) associated the Yuezhi with the
Tocharian nation (Τόχαροι/
Тохары/吐火罗人) of the Ancient Greek historical
sources. The problem exploded when other Western European Orientalists did not
want to identify the Tocharians of Eastern Turkestan with the Tocharians of
Bactria, whose language they had arbitrarily identified as 'Indo-European'.
In brief, they wanted
to Indo-Europeanize an essentially Turanian/Chinese continent of which Europe
constituted in reality the tiniest, the most unimportant, and the only barbaric
peninsula whereby every form of culture and every portion of civilization came
from the Orient, i.e. the Asiatic mainland, with significant African additions.
The Uyghur Manichaean Sermon from Manichaean manuscript unearthed in the legendary German Turfan expeditions
Um Ihre eigene Suche zu starten und die erforderliche Bibliographie zu
finden:
為了開始您自己的搜索並找到必要的參考書目：
Kendi araştırmanıza başlamak ve gerekli kaynakçayı bulmak için:
Чтобы начать собственный поиск и найти необходимую библиографию:
In order to start your
own search and to find the necessary bibliography:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uygurlar
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/维吾尔族
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Уйгуры
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dilleri
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тюркские_языки
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turksprachen
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/突厥语族
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluk_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchak_languages
ttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铁勒
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiele_people
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingling
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Динлины
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаоцзюй
Asia in the beginning of the 1st c. CE
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiung-nu
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хунну
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/匈奴
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yüeçiler
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юэчжи
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/月氏
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toharlar
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohar_dilleri
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тохары
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharians
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/吐火罗人
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharer
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharische_Sprachen
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/德國吐魯番考察隊
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Turfanexpeditionen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Turfan_expeditions
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9ditions_allemandes_%C3%A0_Tourfan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turghun_Almas
http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/a_popova_2008c.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizil_Caves
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кизил_(пещеры)
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kızıl_Mağaraları
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausend-Buddha-Höhlen_von_Kizil
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/克孜尔千佛洞
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthaliten
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Эфталиты
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/嚈噠
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Hun_İmparatorluğu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бамианские_статуи_Будды
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-Statuen_von_Bamiyan
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamyan_Buda_heykelleri
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/تندیس%E2%80%8Cهای_بودا_در_بامیان
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/巴米揚大佛
II. A Brief Diagram of Uyghur History
Uyghur
History apparently involves a very wide range of sites, monuments and
historical sources, starting with the famous Tarim mummies that are dated in
the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BCE. The modern Uyghur nation was progressively
formed following first, the numerous Turanian migrations that determined World
History for several thousands of years, and second, the expansion of the Han
dynasty of China in the 'West', which corresponds to the eastern confines of
what we call nowadays 'Central Asia'. Han expansion in the West is the result
of the victorious wars of the Han kings against the Hiung-Nu.
However,
we cannot discuss of proper ' Chinese expansionism' in the way we use this term
in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Phoenicia-Carthage, Iran, Rome, the Eastern
Roman Empire, and several Islamic caliphates, empires and kingdoms; it was
rather a ceaseless effort to bring order, peace, balance and security to a vast
area that was incessantly crisscrossed by migrants, raiders and nomads. Even
the expeditions of Ban Chao reflect rather an effort of mercantile interests and
diplomatic contacts with other orderly kingdoms, and not a real, genuine effort
of militarily undertaken territorial expansion. The wider Tarim Basin was not literarily
annexed to China, but rather viewed as a 'protectorate'. Several preponderantly
Turanian kingdoms prospered there for many centuries, succeeding to one
another, under only nominal Chinese authority; they constitute the early phases
of Uyghur History because, Turanian or not, they have been progressively
assimilated, ethnically and culturally, into the Turanian Uyghurs.
Uyghur
History and Cultural Heritage encompass the various small Turanian kingdoms
that prospered under Chinese tutelage during the last century of the 1st
millennium BCE and the first half of the 1st millennium CE, namely the kingdoms
of Qiemo (且末), Loulan (or Kroran / كروران/楼兰), Khotan (于闐), Shule (疏勒) in Kashgar, Gaochang (高昌/ of the
Jushi people /車師; in the
area of today's Qocho), the kingdom of Kucha (كۇچار /龜茲) which was described in the Chinese Annals as the
strongest and largest among the "thirty-six kingdoms of the Western
Regions", and many other states.
Tarim Basin in the 3rd century CE
Colonial
historiographers erroneously Indo-Europeanize
the
pre-Khaganate (First Turkic Khaganate: 552-603) historical periods of Ancient Asia;
otherwise, they could not further support the theory of 'Turkic migration'. This
theory is entirely fabricated in order not to disrupt many Orientalist
fallacies concerning the history of many different nations and lands that
colonial academia intentionally dissociated from Turanians, due to entirely
racist political reasons. The phenomenon of Turanian movements across all parts
of the Asiatic continent ('Europe' included) is true, but it antedates the 6th
c. CE, which is the very false date that colonial historiographers comfortably set
for the above mentioned purposes. For instance, the Rouran Khaganate (330-555) cannot
be dissociated from the Turanian History, and there are many Chinese historical
sources testifying to this, because they ostensibly and repeatedly associate
the Rouran with the Hiung-Nu.
Rouran Khaganate
Western Turkic Khaganate
After the First Turkic Khaganate was divided into Western Khaganate
(581-742) and Eastern Khaganate (581-645), after the Tang China campaign against
the Eastern Turks (629-630), after the defeat of the Western Turks (657), and
after the rise and fall of the Second Turkic Khaganate
(682-744), the Uyghurs rose in prominence. The Uyghur Khaganate (744-840) was
the first and only Manichaean state in the World History. Following its
decline, a certain number of smaller kingdoms were formed, notably those of
Khotan and Qocho (843-1132; also known as Kara-Khoja), before they were all
gradually absorbed within the Afrasiab (Kara-Khanid) Khanate (840-1212). This confederate
Turanian kingdom expanded also westwards in Transoxiana (Υπερωξειανή / ما وراء النهر -
Mawarannahr / мавераннахр), in today's Uzbekistan, and the ruling dynasty adhered
to Islam. Around the middle of the 10th c., we attest to a process of systematic
diffusion of Islam among the Uyghurs.
Уйгурский каганат
This phenomenon continued
also when the Qara Khitai (1124-1218; also known as Great Liao) supplanted
partly first and entirely later the Afrasiab / Kara-khanids. As a matter of
fact, the Buddhist Qara Khitai dynasty was a family of tolerant Turanians who
ruled over a population that was Muslim in its majority; they prevailed across vast
territories in Central Asia, Central Siberia, and Eastern Siberia, also
establishing an alliance, in the 'West', with the Turanian Muslim dynasty of
Khwarazm (which controlled parts of today's Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Afghanistan and Iran). Muslim, Buddhist, Nestorian Christian, and Manichaean
Uyghurs coexisted for several centuries, under either non-Muslim or Muslim
dynasties.
The Kara-Khanids and their powerful NE neighbor, the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
The Buddhist Turanian Qara Khitai Empire and the Uyghur Khanates of Turfan and Kansu
At the times of the
Turanian Mongol Empire (1206–1368), the Chagatai Khanate (1225–1340s), the Uyghurs were incorporated into these vast nomad
states, and the Chinese imperial authority over them was only nominal, even
during the Turanian Mongol 'Yuan' dynasty (1272-1368). Following the Chagatai
division into Western Chagatai Khanate (1340s–1370) and Eastern Chagatai Khanate (also known as Moghulistan;
1340s–1680), the Uyghurs were either incorporated into the latter or ruled by
various local dynasties; they were still followers of different religions, who
coexisted peacefully within a culturally unified environment fostered by common
interests, activities and means of communication.
The existence of several
prosperous Uyghur kingdoms highlights the spiritual-cultural pluralism that prevailed
among them at those days; among them the most important are the Kara Del
kingdom (1389-1513), which was predominantly Buddhist, the Islamic Turpan
Khanate (1487-1690), which entered into wars with Ming China (1368-1644), the Islamic
Yarkent Khanate (1514-1705), as well as the Khojas of Kashgar and of the six
cities (Altishahr). Due to the divisions among the branches of Khoja Islamic
mysticism, following the troubles they had with Tibet, and after the
intervention of the extremist Oirat Turanian Buddhists (rather known as the
Dzungarian khanate), the Uyghur lived a real nightmare during the Dzungar –
Qing China wars (1687-1757).
The successful result
of the many, consecutive Chinese campaigns against the Dzungar extremists
pacified the Uyghurs and determined to great extent the borders of Modern China,
allowing also the possibility of several local Muslim rulers to fully govern
their realms as vassals of the Qing monarch. It was only then that the last
Buddhist Uyghurs renounced their religion. In fact, the Dzungar genocide was
the result of an Islamic Uyghur – Chinese alliance. However, the relations
worsened when the Manchus controlled China; various atrocities ended up in the
Afaqi Khoja holy war (1759-1866), which is at the origin of all posterior
problems between the Uyghurs and the Chinese authorities.
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finden:
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own search and to find the necessary bibliography:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хунно-китайские_войны
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Zhizhi
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg_der_Himmlischen_Pferde
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/汉攻大宛之战
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Империя_Хань
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Dynastie
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Hanedanı
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/汉朝
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/班超
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бань_Чао
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Наместничество_Сиюй
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西域都護府
http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/xiyu.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/安西大都护府
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_expansionism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migration
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkv%C3%B6lker
http://steppenreiter.de/turkv%C3%B6lker.htm
http://www.mongolian-art.de/galerie_comic_geheime_geschichte/054-0550.jpg.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тюрки
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прототюрки
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/柔然
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Жужаньский_каганат
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erstes_T%C3%BCrk-Kaganat
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenreich
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/突厥汗国
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göktürk_Kağanlığı
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batı_Göktürk_Kağanlığı
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Западно-тюркский_каганат
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西突厥
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doğu_Göktürk_Kağanlığı
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восточно-тюркский_каганат
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/東突厥
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_T%C3%BCrk-Kaganat
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Второй_Восточно-тюркский_каганат
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/東突厥
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/后突厥汗国
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/İkinci_Doğu_Göktürk_Kağanlığı
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uigurisches_Kaganat
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Уйгурский_каганат
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uygur_Kağanlığı
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/回鹘汗国
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qocho
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Уйгурское_Турфанское_идыкутство
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Идикут
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаочан
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/高昌
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocho_(Gaochang)
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahoca_Uygur_Krallığı
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachaniden
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahanlılar
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Караханидское_государство
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/喀喇汗国
https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/«قاراخان»_دىكى_«قارا»_نىڭ_قىسقىچە_تارىخىي_تەبىرى
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/آل_افراسیاب
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Khitai
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Kitai
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Каракитайское_ханство
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西辽
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahıtaylar
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/بلاساغون
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ануштегиниды
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государство_Хорезмшахов
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/خوارزمشاهیان
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/خوارزم
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harezm
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harezmşahlar_Devleti
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choresmien
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Choresm-Schahs#Die_Dynastie_der_Anuschteginiden
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choresm-Schahs
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuschteginiden
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/花剌子模王朝
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/花剌子模
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Del
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate#Turpan_Khanate_(1487%E2%80%931690)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan#15th_and_16th_centuries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altishahr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungaria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_genocide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80f%C4%81q%C4%AB_Khoja_Holy_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs
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